Tenses

परिभाषा-The tense of a verbshows the time of an event or action of a verb.
Verb के tense से किसी घटना या कार्य के समय का ज्ञान होता है।

अंग्रेजी में Tense तीन प्रकार के होते हैं-
(i) Present tense,

(ii) Past tense,

(iii) Future tence

(I) Present Tense (वर्तमान काल)-इस Tense से यह पता चलता है कि कार्य अब या अभी हुआ है। जैसे-
I go to school.
(मैं स्कूल जाता हूँ।)

(ii) Past Tense (भूतकाल)-इस Tense से यह पता चलता है कि कार्य बीते हुए समय में हुआ है। जैसे-
I went to school.
(में स्कूल गया।)

(iii) Future Tense (भविष्य काल)-इस Tense से यह पता चलता है कि कार्य आने वाले समय में होगा। जैसे-
I shall go to school.
(मैं स्कूल जाऊँगा।)

प्रत्येक Tense निम्नलिखित चार प्रकार का होता है-
1. Indefinite,

2. Continuous,

3. Perfect,

4. Perfect Continuous.

आपके पाठ्यक्रम में Past tense (भूतकाल) है।

Past Tense (भूतकाल)

1. Past Indefinite Tense– इस Tense मैं Singular
तथा Plural दोनों प्रकार के subject के बाद Second Form
की Verb आती है। जैसे-
Iran. (मैं भागा।)
He ran. (वह भागा।)
They ran. (वे भागे।)
Past Indefinite Tense को Simple Past Tense भी कहते हैं।
Structure – Subjcet + Verb II + Object etc.

As — I wrote a letter yesterday.

It rained heavily the last night.

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in brackets :

1. You ……… (buy) wool yesterday.

2. The train …….. (arrive) at 6.00 p.m.

3. He ……. (meet) me last Saturday.

4. I ……. (bend) the stick.

5. She …….. (break) the glass.

6. You ……. (get) a prize.

Ans. 1. bought, 2. arrived, 3. met, 4. bent,

5. broke, 6. got

Emphatic a Strong Form

इस Tense मैं Verb की Emphatic या strong form

‘did + Verb I’ द्वारा बनाई जाती है।

जैसे — I caught the thief.

I did catch the thief.

Negative या Interrogative बनाना

इस Tense के साधारण वाक्यों में सहायक क्रिया नहीं होती, अत: Emphatic form की सहायता से Negative तथाI Interrogative बनाते हैं।

जैसे –

• Rajabought a mango. (Affirmative)
• Raja did not bring a mango. (Negative)
• He came here yesterday. (Assertive)
• Did he come here yesterday? (Interrogative)

Exercise 2

Change the following sentences into negative :

1. She got a prize.

2. I wish I went there.

3. The cloth shrank.

4. Dinesh learnt French.

5. He tore my shirt.

Ans.

1. She did not get a prize.

2. I wish I did not go there,

3. The cloth did not shrink.

4. Dinesh did not learn French.

5. He did not tear my shirt.

 

Exercise 3

Change the following sentences into interrogative

1. She ate bananas.

2. His son copied the lesson.

3. The driver did not drive the car fast.

4. The ship sank into the water.

5. The girl did not wear glasses.

Ans. 1. Did she eat bananas ?

2. Did his son copy the lesson ?

3. Did the driver not drive the car fast ?

4. Did the ship sink into the water ?

5. Did the girl not wear glasses ?

 

2. Past Continuous Tense : इस Tense को

Singular subject और ‘I’ के साथ was तथा Plural subject

और you के साथ were के बाद verb में ‘ing’ जोड़कर बनाते हैं। जैसे-

He was reading.

They were playing.

Structure Subject + was/were + verb + ing

object + other words.

Exercise 4

Rewrite the following sentences using correct

form of the verb given in the brackets:

1. One of the ministers (lie).

2. She (cut) vegetables.

3. You (manage) the bank well.

4. Prices (increase) repidly.

5. Students (talk), while the teacher (teach) the lesson.

Ans. 1. One of the ministers was lying.

2. She was cutting vegetables.

3. You were managing the bank well.

4. Prices were increasing rapidly.

5. Students were talking, while the

teacher was teaching the lesson.

 

3. Past Perfect Tense-इस Tense मैं had के साथ

verb की Third Form का प्रयोग करते हैं। जैसे-

I had done my work.

You had told me about it.

Structure-Subject + had + verb III + object.

Exercise 5

Fill in the blanks with past perfect form of the

verb given in brackets :

1. ……. (take) bath before the sun rose.

2. The cloth ……… (shrink).

3. The boy …….. (tear) his shirt.

4. When the father reached, the son……… (pay)

the fees.

5. The thief ran away after he (see) the police

 

Ans. 1. had taken, 2. had shrunk,3. had tom,

4. had paid, 5. had seen.

में had been के साथ verb में ing जोड़ते हैं। जैसे-

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense- इस Tense

मै had beenbi के साथ verb मैं ing जोड़ते हैं। जैसे —

I had been reading for an hour.

She had been singing since evening.

Structure — had been + verb + ing + object.

Modals

Modals विशेष प्रकार की Helping verbs हैं जो मुख्य(Finite) Verb के Mood (भाव) को प्रकट करने में सहायता करते हैं।Modals के बाद not लगाकर वाक्य Negative बन जाता है।Will, shall, should, would, can could, may,might, ought, need, dare, has to, have to, had to,ought to Modals हैं। आपके पाठ्यक्रम में सिर्फ can, could,may, must a might हैं।

Modals की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ निम्न हैं-

(1) यह कभी अकेला प्रयुक्त नहीं होता है वरन् सदैव किसी मुख्य क्रिया (main verb) के साथ ही आता है। जैसे-

(i) You may come in.

(ii) I might go there.

Uses of Some Modals

1. Can

Can का अर्थ है ‘सकना’। इसका प्रयोग ability possibility (सम्भावना) व्यक्त करने के लिए होता है। जैसे-(योग्यता), capacity (क्षमता), permission (अनुमति) या

(a) योग्यता, क्षमता (ability, capacity) दर्शाने के लिए-(योग्यता)

She can speak Gujarati.(वह गुजराती बोल सकती है।)

I can walk for three continuous hours.

(मैं तीन घण्टे तक लगातार चल सकता है। (क्षमता)