Lesson 2(A) Nelson Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom (नेलसन मन्डेला : लौंग वॉक टू फ्रीडम ) [ नेलसन मन्डेला : आजादी की लम्बी यात्रा ] -Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Intext Exercises {C) Oral Comprehension Check (Textbook Pg. No.18-19)
1. Where did the ceremonies take place ? Can you name any public buildings in India that are made of sandstone ?
Ans. The ceremonies took place in the lovely sandstone amphitheatre. It was formed by the union buildings in Pretoria. Buildings made of sandstone in India are The Red Fort, Jama Masjid, Parliament house etc.
2. Can you say how 10 May is an ‘autumn day “in South Africa ?
Ans. It is because of weather and the dawning of freedom after about 300 years of white rule. It is an important day in South Africa.
3. At the beginning of his speech, Mandela mentions “an extraordinary human disaster”. What does he mean by this ? What is the “glorious…… human achievement” he speaks of at the end?
Ans. “An extraordinary human disaster-by this Mandela means the white rule in south Africa Over the blacks. It lasted very long. It was really a disaster of white men ruling over the blacks. At the end he says, “glorious …human achievement” which means getting political independence from the white rule by the blacks
4. What does Mandela thank the international leaders for?
Ans. Mandela thanks the international leaders for coming to take possession with the native people of South Africa. He says, It is a common victory for justice, peace and human dignity,
Ans. He sets out the ideals of liberating his people from various bondages. These were of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discriminations.
Oral Comprehension Check (Text book Pg. No. 21)
1.What do the military generals do? How has their attitude changed, and why?
Ans. Military generals discharge their duties. They saluted Mandela and pledged their loyalty. Their attitude had changed. Instead of arresting blacks now they were saluting them. Their attitude changed because now blacks were independent like them.
2. Why were two national anthems sung?
Ans. Two National Anthems were sung as there were two communities/races. One over of the whites and the other of the blacks. (secondly the anthem of the whites was the anthem of the old republic)
3. How does Mandela describe the systems of government in his country (i) In the first decade, and (ii) in the final decade, of the twentieth century?
Ans. (i) In the first decade of the 20th century, the whites of south Africa patched up their differences. They built a system of racial domination against the black people of their own country. (ii) In the last decade, their system had been overturned forever. It was replaced by blacks. It recognised the rights and freedom of all people regardless of their skin colour.
4. What does courage mean to Mandela ?
Ans. By courage, Mandela means not the absence of fear but the triumph over it.
साहस से मन्डेला का अर्थ भय की अनुपस्थिति नहीं है, बल्कि उसके ऊपर विजय है।
5. Which does he think is natural, to love or to hate ?वह किसको स्वाभाविक मानते हैं-प्यार करने को या नफरत करने को?
Ans. Mandela thinks that love comes more naturally to the human heart than to hate. (मन्डेला धिक्स दैट लव कम्स मोर नैचरली टू दी ह्यूमन हार्ट दैन टू हेट) मन्डेला मानते हैं कि मानव हृदय में प्यार का भाव ज्यादा स्वाभाविक रूप से आता है, बजाय नफरत के। Orah Comprehension Check
(Text book Pg. No. 24)
1. What “twin obligations” does Mandela mention?मन्डेला किन दो कर्तव्यों का उल्लेख करते हैं ?
Ans. Mandela mentions “twin obligations” i.e. one obligation to his family, his parents, his wife and children. Second obligation to his people, his community and his country. मन्डेला दो कर्तव्यों का उल्लेख करते हैं, जैसे- पहला कर्तव्य अपने परिवार, अपने माता-पिता, अपनी पत्नी और अपने बच्चों के प्रति। दूसरा कर्तव्य अपने देशवासियों, अपने समाज व अपने देश के प्रति।
2. What did being free mean to Mandela as a boy, and as a student ? How does he contrast these “transitory freedoms” with “the basic and honourable freedoms”?मन्डेला का स्वतन्त्रता से क्या तात्पर्य था जब वे बच्चे थे और जब वे छात्र थे? वे किस तरह क्षणिक स्वतन्त्रता को स्थायी और सम्माननीय स्वतन्त्रता से विपरीत बताते हैं ?
Ans. As a boy : Mandela meant by being free to wander in the fields near his hut. It was to swim, to at night and to ride the bulls. his potential hin through the village. Also it was to roast meali at night. It was to read what he wished to read and As a student : He meant to be free to stay out go where he chose to go. It was also achieving as per basic and honourable freedoms were the freedom There were the transistory freedom but the for the people. These were to live with dignity and बचपन में : मन्डेला को बचपन में अपनी झोंपड़ी के पास घूमना, तैरना, पूरे गांव में भागना आजादी लगती थी। रात में भुट्टे भूनना और बैलों की सवारी करना भी उन्हें आजादी लगती थी। छात्र रूप में : मन्डेला को देर तक बाहर रहना, वो पढ़ना जो वह पढ़ना चाहें, जहाँ वे जाना चाहें, जो पायें और अपनी सामर्थ्य अनुसार जिन्दगी में कुछ पा सकना, आजादी लगती थी। पर ये सब क्षणिक आजादी थी। पर मेरे देशवासियों की आजादी ही सही मायने में स्थायी और सम्माननीय थी। ये इसलिए जिससे वे भी गौरव और आत्मसम्मान से जी सकें।
3. Does Mandela think the oppressor is free? Why/Why not?क्या मन्डेला सोचते हैं कि अत्याचारी आजाद होता है ? क्यों/क्यों नहीं?
Ans. Mandela thinks that the oppressor is not free like the oppressed because a person who takes away another man’s freedom is a prisoner of hatred. He is locked in prejudice and narrow mindedness, (मन्डेला थिक्स दैट दी अप्रेसर इज़ नौट फ्री लाईक दी अप्रैस्ड बिकौज ए परसन हू टेक्स अवे अनअदर मैन्स फ्रीडम इज़ ए प्रिज़नर ऑफ हेटरेड । ही इज़ लॉक्ड इन प्रैज:डिस एंड नैरो माइंडिडनेस।) मन्डेला सोचते हैं कि अत्याचारी भी अत्याचार सहने वाल की तरह ही आज़ाद नहीं है क्योंकि जो इंसान किसी की आजादी छीनता है, वह घृणा का अपराधी है। वह पूर्वाग्रह और संकीर्णता की बेड़ियों में कैद है।
(D) Textual Tvorniacs Thinking about the Text
1. Why did such a large number of international leaders attend the inauguration ? What did it signify the triumph of ? इतनी ज्यादा संख्या में अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय मेहमानों ने उद्घाटन समारोह में क्यों भाग लिया ? यह किस जीत का प्रतीक था ?
Ans. A large number of international leaders attended the inauguration to pay their respects. It signified the triumph of human freedom and democracy. It also signified the importance of political independence. इतनी ज्यादा संख्या में अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय मेहमानों ने अपनी शुभकामनाएँ देने के लिए उद्घाटन समारोह में भाग लिया। यह समारोह मानवीय स्वतन्त्रता और लोकतन्त्र की विजय का प्रतीक था। यह राजनैतिक स्वतन्त्रता के महत्व का भी प्रतीक था।
2. What does Mandela mean when he says he is “simply the sum of all those African patriots” who had gone before him ? इस बात से मन्डेला का क्या आशय है जब वे कहते हैं “मैं उन सभी अफ्रीकी देशभक्तों का निचोड़ हूँ” जो मुझसे पहले चले गये?
Ans. Mandela means that like these African patriots, he also felt the great need of political independence of his country. Like them he also underwent tortures by the whites in his own country. He also fought for the rights of his people like them. मन्डेला का आशय है कि इन अफ्रीकी देशभक्तों की तरह ही उसने भी अपने देश की राजनैतिक स्वतन्त्रता की जरूरत महसूस की। उन्हीं की तरह उसने भी अंग्रेजों द्वारा अपने ही देश में उत्पीड़न सहा। उन्हीं की तरह वह भी अपने देशवासियों के अधिकारों के लिए लड़ा।
3. Would you agree that the depths of oppression” crente “heights of character”? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own examples to this argument? क्या आप इस बात से सहमत हैं कि जितना ज्यादा उत्पीड़न होगा उतना ही चरित्र ऊँचा होगा ? मन्डेला इसको कैसे विस्तृत रूप से बताते हैं? क्या आप कुछ उदाहरण दे सकते हैं ?
Ans. Yes, it is a fact that the more one is oppressed, the more one becomes strong in character. Mandela says that the decades of oppressions and brutality produced many patriots like Oliver Tambos, Walter Sisulus, Chief Luthulis etc. Many examples from my side are Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel, Subhash C. Bose etc. Indians had also undergone the same conditions by the British.जी हाँ, यह सच है जितना ज्यादा किसी का उत्पीड़न होता है वह उतना ही ऊँचे चरित्र वाला बन जाता है। मन्डेला कहते हैं कि दशकों के अत्याचारों और क्रूरता से ओलिवर ताम्बोज़, वॉल्टर सिसुलस, चीफ लथुलिस जैसे देशभक्त पैदा हुए। मेरी तरफ से महात्मा गाँधी, सरदार पटेल, सुभाष चन्द्र बोस जैसे अनगिनत उदाहरण हैं। भारतीयों को भी ब्रिटिशों के द्वारा इन्हीं हालातों से गुज़रना पड़ा था।
4. How did Mandela’s understanding of freedom change with age and experience ? किस प्रकार मन्डेला के स्वतन्त्रता के बारे में विचार उम्र और अनुभव के साथ बदल गये ?
Ans. First, Mandela thought of personal freedom like doing what he liked but as he grew up, he started understanding freedom as indivisible. He thought of freedom for all his own people more important than anything else. पहले मन्डेला सिर्फ अपनी स्वतन्त्रता के बारे में सोचते थे, जैसे-जो उनको पसन्द हो वह करने देने की स्वतन्त्रता, पर जब वे बड़े हुए उन्हें लगने लगा कि स्वतन्त्रता अविभाज्य है। उन्होंने किसी भी वस्तु से ज्यादा महत्वपूर्ण अपने देशवासियों की स्वतन्त्रता को माना।
5. How did Mandela’s ‘hunger for freedom’ change his life? किस प्रकार ‘स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त करने की लालसा’ ने मन्डेला का जीवन बदल दिया ?
Ans. Mandela’s “hunger for freedom” changed him into a great man, visionary and a respectable leader. He worked day and night for it. He underwent physical and mental tortures. He spent many years in prison for obtaining freedom for his own people. मन्डेला की ‘स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त करने की लालसा” ने उसे महान इंसान, दूरदर्शी और सम्माननीय नेता में बदल दिया। उन्होंने इसे पाने के लिए दिन-रात काम किया। उन्होंने शारीरिक और मानसिक यातनाएँ सहन की। उन्होंने अपने देशवासियों को स्वतन्त्रता दिलाने के लिए बहुत साल जेल में बिताये।
Lesson 2(B) A Tiger in the Zoo (ए टाइगर इन दी जू) [ चिड़ियाघर में एक बाघ ]
(D) Textual Exercises Thinking about the Poem
1. Read the poem again, and work in pairs or groups to do the following tasks.
(I) Find the words that describe the and in the wild. Arrange them in two columns. movements and actions of the tiger in the cage places, and arrange them in two columns.
(ii) Find the words that describe the two Now try to share ideas about how the poet uses words and images to constrast the two situations, ये कविता फिर से पढ़ें और जोड़े में या समूह में निम्नलिखित कार्य करें-
(i) ऐसे शब्द ढूंढ़िए जिससे बाघ के पिंजरे में और जंगल में घूमने व कार्य करने का वर्णन दिखाया है इन्हें दो भागों में लिखिए।
(ii) ऐसे शब्द ढूंढ़िए जिसमें दोनों जगहों का वर्णन किया गया है, उन्हें दो भागों में लिखिए। अब अपने विचार लिखिए कि कवि ने किस तरह के शब्द और आकृतियाँ इस्तेमाल की हैं दोनों परिस्थितियों के विरोधाभास को दर्शाने में।
Ans. (i) Movements and actions of the tiger in the wild
The poet uses these places and words to create the contrast. This contrast is between the cage and the jungle. These show the apt situation of life of the tiger in a cage and in a jungle. कवि ने ये स्थान और शब्द विरोधाभास दिखाने के लिए इस्तेमाल किये हैं। यह पिंजरे और जंगल की विषमता है। यह बाघ की पिंजरे में और जंगल में सटीक स्थिति दिखाती है।
2. Notice the use of a word repeated in lines such as these :
(i) On pads of velvet quiet, In his quiet rage.
(ii) And stares with his brilliant eyes At the brilliant stars. What do you think is the effect of this repetition ?पर ध्यान दीजिए; जैसे- इन पंक्तियों में शब्द जो दोबारा उपयोग किये गये हैं, उन (i) गद्देदार पंजों को शान्ति शान्त है पर गुस्से में है बाघ। (ii) और अपनी चमकीली आँखों से चमकते हुए तारों को दोबारा उपयोग किये गये शब्दों का क्या असर है।
Ans. (i) Repetition of word quiet’ expresses the intensity of the tigers action.
(ii) Repetition of word brilliant’ expresses the anger and brightness in the eyes of the tiger. It has an effect of shining stars also. The repetition of these words give the wonderful effect to the poem
(i) शान्त शब्द दोबारा उपयोग करने से बाघ के चाल-चलन की तीव्रता दर्शायी गई है।
(ii) ‘शानदार/चमकदार’ शब्द दोबारा उपयोग करने से बाघ की आँखों का गुस्सा दर्शाया गया है जो कि अँधेरे में चमकते हुए तारों जैसी लग रही हैं। इन शब्दों के दोहराने से कविता बहुत शानदार बन गयी है।
3. Read the following two poemsone about a tiger and the other about a panther. Then discuss : Are zoos necessary for the protection or conservation of some species of animals ? Are they useful for educating the public ? Are there alternatives to zoos ? इन दो कविताओं को पढ़िए-एक बाघ के बारे में है और एक चीते के बारे में। चर्चा करें: क्या चिड़ियाघर पशुओं की कुछ जातियों की रक्षा व बचाव के लिए जरूरी है ? क्या इससे लोगों को समझाने में आसानी होती है ? क्या चिड़ियाघरों का कुछ और विकल्प है ?
The Tiger The tiger behind the bars of his cage growis, The tiger behind the bars of his cage snaris, The tiger behind the bars of his cage roars. Then he thinks. It would be nice not to be behind bars all The time Because they spoil my view I wish I were wild, not on show. But if I were wild, hunters might shoot me, But if I were wild, food might poison me, But if I were wild, water might drown me. Then he stops thinking And… The tiger behind the bars of his cage growls, The tiger behind the bars of his cage snarls, The tiger behind the bars of his cage roars. The Panther His vision, from the constantly passing bars, has grown so weary that it cannot hold anything else. It seems to him there are a thousand bars, and behind the bars, no world. As he paces in cramped circles, over and over, the movement of his powerful soft strides is like a ritual dance around a centre in which a mighty will stands paralysed. Only at times, the curtain of the pupils lifts, quietly. An image enters in, rushes down through the tensed, arrested muscles, plunges into the heart and is gone.
Ans. The zoo is a necessary place for the protection and conservation of some species of animals. They can be safe from people as they could be hunted down for trade. Because of this, many species are already extinct and some are endangered. Because of industrialisation, the natural habitat of animals are shrinking. Zoos are useful for educating the public. This create awareness among the people about the nature of animals However, zoo is not the correct substitute for a forest. Animals are restricted in zoo. This hampers the ecological balance of nature; for this reason, wild life sanctuaries are the better options for animals where they can be in their natural habitat and they can be looked after by the government,
4. Take a point of view for or against zoos, or even consider both points of view and write a couple of paragraphs or speak about this topic for a couple of minutes in class. चिड़ियाघरों के पक्ष या विपक्ष में से किसी एक पर राय बनाएँ अथवा दोनों पर ही राय बनाएँ एवं इस पर कुछ अनुच्छेद लिखें और इस विषय पर कुछ मिनटों के लिए कक्षा में चर्चा कीजिए।
Ans. Zoos are necessary and unnecessary for many reasons. But the reasons favouring them are more. So they are there all over the world. Zoos are necessary for protection and conservation of many species. Many animals are endangered. They are about to extinct. Animals are necessary for the ecological balance of the earth. Zoo educate public about wildlife so it is important on the other hand, zoos are not required as many animals die if people dont take good care of them. They are unable to reproduce. (Students may add their ideas)
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